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The term Open Educational Resources (OER) was first coined at UNESCO’s 2002 Forum on Open Courseware, and it was defined in the recent UNESCO recommendation on OER as “learning, teaching, and research materials in any format and medium that reside in the public domain or are under copyright that have been released under an open license that permit no-cost access, [reuse], [repurpose], adaptation, and redistribution by others” (UNESCO, Citation2019a). With the rapid evolution of the open education concept, researchers have shifted their focus from content-centered approaches, which mainly focus on OER, such as creation and sharing, to more practice-centered ones that foster collaboration between learners and educators for creating and sharing knowledge (Zhang et al., Citation2020). 

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