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Controversies and Conundrums in Cardiac Cachexia: Key Questions About Wasting in Patients With HFrEF
Cardiac cachexia is characterized by unintentional catabolic weight loss, decreased appetite, and inflammation and is common in patients with stage D (advanced) heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Cardiac cachexia and related muscle-wasting syndromes are markers of, and a consequence of, the heart failure (HF) syndrome.
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