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Open education (OE) is part of a larger movement of open learning. According to Peters and Deimann (2013), the concept of OE emerged during the late Middle Ages. In the 1600s, the invention of the printing press; the launch of coffee houses with access to free reading resources in the 17th century; the establishment of self-education societies in the 18th century; and the emergence of miners’ library in the late 19th century, have succeeded the concept of open education. The postwar era of the 1960s and 1970s demanded a new education model to eliminate educational accessibility barriers. Initially, online and distance education through the development of open education universities in the 1970s supported open learning. With the wider diffusion of digital applications and digital literacy, innovative and integrative ideas emerged.

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