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Over the last decade, sustainability science has been at the leading edge of widespread efforts from the social and natural sciences to produce use-inspired research. Yet, how knowledge generated by sustainability science and allied fields will contribute to transitions toward sustainability remains a critical theoretical and empirical question for basic and applied research. This article explores the limitations of sustainability science research to move the field beyond the analysis of problems in coupled systems to interrogate the social, political and technological dimensions of linking knowledge and action. Over the next decade, sustainability science can strengthen its empirical, theoretical and practical contributions by developing along four research pathways focused on the role of values in science and decision-making for sustain- ability: how communities at various scales envision and pursue sustainable futures; how socio-technical change can

Handled by Rene Kemp, UNU-MERIT and ICIS, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.

T. R. Miller (&) Nohad A. Toulan School of Urban Studies and Planning, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA e-mail: trm2@pdx.edu

A. Wiek 󿰀 D. Sarewitz School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5502, USA

D. Sarewitz Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA

J. Robinson UBC Sustainability Initiative, and Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2260 WestMall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada

be fostered at multiple scales; the promotion of social and institutional learning for sustainable development.